Inches <> Millimeters

Inches to Millimeters Converter

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Inch to mm calculator

RPM calculation of cutting operation

Enter cutting speed in m/min:

Enter diameter of tool in mm:

The RPM is:

Celsius to Fahrenheit Converter

Enter a temperature in Celsius:

The temperature in Fahrenheit is:

Pipe Thread Standards in Industry

 

Mainly there are two thread standards used in most of the manufacturing sector. They are:

1.       NPT (National Pipe Thread) – US standard

2.       BSPT (British Standard Pipe Taper)

The NPT are most used in US and Canada while the BSPT is most popular in Europe, China, and Japan. NPT has taper and straight thread types also called as NPT (tapered) and NPS (Straight). Similarly, BSP also has BSPT (tapered) and BSPP (parallel/straight). The main difference between these two thread standards is the thread pitch angle. NPT has thread angle of 60^o while BSPT has thread angle of 55^o.  And due to this variance in pitch angle these two threads have different pitch (TPI: thread per inch).

The other notations used for thread are:

G - BSP parallel threads, BSPP

R – BSP tapered threads, BSPT (external) * R mates with R_c and R_p and also with G

R_c – BSP tapered threads (internal) *R_c mates with R

R_p – Internal parallel threads, * R_p mates R

R_s – external parallel threads

*G series mates with G series as they are parallel

Note: BSPP is also known as SS, whitworth, G or R_p

Metric Bolts Tap and Drill Size (with spanner size)

 Hey all,

Hope you guys are doing alright.

If you are new to maintenance and technical field and just starting to work on the factory, you may be confused with all the drill and tap sizes for the metric bolts. I have combined them in the table below which will be good for your reference. Plus, I have included the spanner size for the metric nuts which may help you to select proper size sockets for your ratchets or proper wrench size.

Google FI referral code! Get 20 dollar off!!

 Hi,
Google Fi is a mobile network service provided by google which was started as a project Fi before. Nowadays Google Fi is becoming popular because of its simplicity on activation and cancellation of plans. Also, the coverage is also good because it uses three different carrier services to give the network to your phone. If you want to join google fi use the following referral link to get the 20 dollars off of the first month.

https://g.co/fi/r/Y24F54

Welcome to Google FI family!!

How to make your Cartoon Avatar.

Since I get many messages in twitter and instagram regarding the cartoon avatar I have made of others. Here in this article I'm writing of how to make a cartoon avatar. ;)

1.     Download Adobe Draw app from play store.

2.     Install the app and register.

3.     Start a new project and click a + image in the screen and select image layer. Select a picture of which you want to make a cartoon avatar.

4.     Select a pen and start drawing in the borderline. Make all border you want to make and make sure the border is like a close circuit.

5.     Click an image layer option on your screen and clock on a eye. It will hide the image and make you border only visible.

6.     Select a color you want to put and do a little bit long press with your hand/pen on the selective boundary. It will color the whole boundary.

7.     Do the process with other boundaries and your cartoon avatar is prepared. :)

Serene Eastern Nepal and Pathivara

Travelling is fun; you can go to the unknown places away from your aura and enjoy much you want, much you can. But the best thing about travel is that you can learn and be more conscient. You can learn about new places, new culture, new weather and new routine.

My trip to Pathivara was an unexpected one. I went to give my sunglasses to my mate who was going for a trip but after few minutes I went to a trip. This was more like a plan trip never happens and unplanned happens. 

When I went to home for my bag my mother was shocked with my plan to go the trip. A few minutes ago I had lunch without any plans and now I was packing bag for the trip. Who would have thought that??

Taplejung

From the flight from TIA we went to Jhapa around 4pm. in the evening we stay at Birtamod. Terai always fascinates me, unbound plains, warm weather and plethora of things you can get. in the evening we enjoy the local barbecue of chicken and some local beers we would get there. the taste was indeed good.

In the morning we headed towards Taplejung in a taxi. Ohh! its not a taxi we would get here at ktm, people used to call tata sumo a taxi there, that was quite a unique code for us. So from the green terai filled with entire fields of rice and tea garden we headed towards the green hills with cold and foggy weather. At noon we reached Kanyam, Illam, where we could find the little piece of heaven. Entire hills are covered with the tea plants and the view from top was magnificent. After a short stop at kanyam we headed towards our destination. The roads were in good condition and we it enthralled us in every turns and every corners. The talks and laughs with other passengers and the song that was on in sumo made the long 8 hour journey like a few minutes’ drive.

 

Kanyam,Illam

In the evening we went to Taplejung bazar, as soon we get out of the taxi we feel so cold, we have already started enjoying the weather of Taplejung. In the evening we tasted the local tongba-sukuti of taplejung which is famous all over Nepal. If you are in Taplejung tasting those things is must.

Illam

In the morning we headed towards Pathivara in a four wheeler drive. Other vehicles don't have a chance to go through those roads. With big rocks and mud all the way, the road gave us another feel of adventure, enthrallment, awe and a bit feel of fear. After an hour of drive what remains is a long hour walking in a steep hill without having lunch. We didn't have lunch because we too have to follow our tradition of not having it while going to temple, and this where we are heading was Pathivara mata, the greatest of great mata.

With a trekking stick in our hands, we slowly started to walk. With every steps we were gaining altitude and the best part is that we can see the astonish view below. The weather was unpredictable, the fog and the sun were playing hide and seek every now and then. The chirping sound of birds, the humming of insects, the snowy path of snow and the friendliness of people we meet in every step made us to forget the tiredness of the walking and the pain we are getting on our legs. On reaching the zenith of the hill, the view of long Himalayan range, hills covered with a blanket of snow and the clouds beneath us made us feel heaven is here at Pathivara. The aura and the feeling of the very moment can't be described in words. Now the religious part comes to play, with the worshiping materials we have carried all the way, we line up with every material in our hand for worshiping. The smell of incense sticks burning all over the place, the burning light of diyo and batti and the sound of bell ringing now and then gives us the different feeling of faith of our culture and religion. After spending some time at the best place of trek, we climbed down the hills and had a lunch to the nearest shop available. 

 

Pathivara,Taplejung

In the evening we returned to Taplejung bazar, the day after to Jhapa and the day after to Kathmandu by witnessing the natural beauty, environmental serenity, cultural diversity, economic disparity and entirely the serene eastern Nepal. It was a short but sweet visit and especially for me because one sun-glass have given me the chance to visit one of the beautiful place inside Nepal.

They know me but they don’t know me

This is an interesting story that has occurred to me. Our football team (Nepal Youth Association) was playing a football tournament as Mulpani, ktm. I was not that good football player but I was key one of the team. We started the tournament with win and finally reached the final. We played the entire tournament with zeal and alacrity and our effort did not go in vain as we reached in the finals. During the tournament our juvenile team showed the beautiful game. I scored some wonderful goals and assisted others in scoring goals. People of the area used to come to see our game, cheer for us and enjoy the game how we played. At that time my hair was long and I used to bind with a rubber band like that of great Zlatan or say Gareth Bale. So, I was known as the guy with a long hair (jhyapley). In the final game we were underdogs and eventually lost the game with another team consisting of A division and national players in a tiebreaker (game finished 1-1 at full time). I was selected as the best player of the tournament. People know our team and me as a player with a long hair.
The twist arises when our junior team went to play the tournament at the same ground. I and my friends went to have a chiya (tea) on a chiya pasal (shop) near the ground. This time I have already trimmed my long hair. When we are having the tea, the only thing we talk most of the time is football (who won’t). We told other locals who were having tea in the same shop about our junior team and our journey to final few months back. They praised our team and eventually talk about the guy with long hair who have a good skill and how he makes the game more fluent and beautiful. I was there in front of the people, listening my own praise from others but they don’t know me that time as I have short hair. They know me but they don’t know me now.
Eventually one of my pals told them that the guy they were talking was me. They know me now. I was blushed and they smiled with little nervousness and little shyness. The tea in our glasses was already finished so we took a goodbye and went to watch our junior’s football game which they lost.

                    सानी नानी

Background: Since these exam days are boring and there is nothing much to do than study the same textbooks and pdfs. I sometimes write various nonsense things and draw sketches as a break. And this one is a song which I made during this boring time to freshen myself.

माया गर्छु धरोधर्म

कैले बुझ्छौ मनको मर्म

अभागी यो मेरो कर्म

सानी नानी, हो नानी

सानी नानी!!

मान्छे तिमि साह्रै सानी

बनाउनेछु दिलको रानी

अनौठो यो हाम्रो कहानी

सानी नानी, हो नानी

सानी नानी!!

तिमि घाम म पानी

कति रामो तिम्रो बानी

येसैपाली हो हो लानी

सानी नानी, हो नानी

सानी नानी!!

  By: niraj pudasaini

Oh Yes!! It’s You!!

You are the beautiful girl I have ever seen

Wanna go to the beautiful place I have ever been.
Yeah! With you!!

 With you!!

Ohh!! Those eyes deep like ocean I could ever see

I clearly know you are made for me.

Only for me!!

For me!!

There is something in the way that you smile

For you, there are the hearts that can make a pile.

Yes, for you!!

For you!!

The way your lips decorate in that red lipstick

You make me vulnerable and make yourself so fantastic.

Oh yeah that red lipstick!!

That red lipstick!!

Baby, I want you always be that beautiful and bold

And I know that you never gonna grow old.
Never grow old!!
Grow old!!

If I die, I wanna die by your side

And if I live, it will always be your beside.

Yeah!! Me beside you!!
Beside you!!

Maybe I’m not your type, so dull and crappy

One thing I wish, you be always safe and happy.

Yes, I wish for you!!
For you!!

You are that moon, on the full moon’s day

“I love you” are the words that I’ve always wanted to say

Oh yes!!To you!!

To you!!

By-Niraj Pudasaini

Fly-by-Wire (FBW) Flight Control System

The earliest aircraft were controlled by the pilot using the steel cables, pulleys and hydraulic actuators. The use of these pulleys, cranks, tension cables and hydraulic pipes adds much weight to the aircraft and it requires careful routing and maintenance work. To eliminate and reduce this problem, a new system called Fly-by-Wire (FBW) flight control system came into existence in late 1970’s using the analog implementation while digital FBW systems have been in service since the late 1980’s. The introduction of fly-by-wire (FBW) flight control system has been a watershed development in aircraft evolution as it has enabled technical advances to be made which weren’t possible before.

As the name implies, FBW system is flying the aircraft by wires because all commands and signals are transmitted electrically along wires. Fly-by-Wire technology is simply replacing mechanical equipment with the electronic wires connected to the hydraulic actuators to move the aircraft control surfaces for the preferred movement of the aircraft. Here, the response from the pilot control is converted into electrical signals which travel to the main flight computer, from there to the actuator control electronics and to the control surfaces from actuator, all through the series of cables and wires. Fly-by-Wire control system also allows aircraft computers to perform task without pilot input. Gyroscope and air data sensors mounted in an aircraft sense the various movement changes like the pitch, roll and yaw. Any change in these movements sends signals to the computer which automatically moves the control surfaces to stabilize the aircraft. The system runs onboard electrical power source generated by the turbines of the aircraft engine.

Fly-by-Wire (FBW) system is the safer, more reliable and more responsive way of aircraft control. Introduction of this system in the aircraft helps to reduce the aircraft weight and maintenance work due to the elimination of heavy cables and pulleys. FBW system insures quick, smooth and fast response to the pilot’s commands. FBW system is safer than the conventional system as any change in motion of the aircraft is immediately sensed by the motion sensors and causes the computers to move the appropriate control surfaces so as to apply forces and moments to the aircraft to correct the deviation from the commanded flight path. FBW system enables a smaller tailplane, fin and rudder to be used, thereby reducing both aircraft weight and drag, active control of the tailplane and rudder making up for the reduction in natural stability. As FBW system can control the aircraft without the pilot input, it greatly eases the autopilot integration task and helps in aircraft maneuvering.

FBW system is run by the electrical power, so the major con of FBW system is the loss of electrical power. That’s why there are redundant systems in new design to try and eliminate that kind of failure. FBW system is a computerized system consisting lots of wires and cables, so a slight malfunction in these wires or cables may cause the system failure. Also this system is a more complex and expensive than the earlier conventional system.

Fly-by-Wire (FBW) system is extremely safe and reliable technology in controlling the flight control surfaces of the aircraft. Almost every modern aircrafts and airliners have adapted this technology including the big names like Airbus and Boeing. This technology accounts as one of the greatest breakthrough in the aviation field and is in the phase of continue developing. Let us hope to see more discoveries in the field of Fly-by-Wire (FBW) system so that people can fly more safely, conveniently and economically in the future than today.

Article on aircraft flaps.

All about Flaps

Flap is a primary flight control device that is used to increase the lift of an aircraft wing at given air speed. Flaps are installed at the trailing edge of an aircraft wings between the fuselage and ailerons. The purpose of the flap is to generate more lift at slower airspeed and more drag to slow down the airplane. Flaps usually do two things: one they increase the lift and two they increase the drag. These two features are necessary for an aircraft especially during the landing and take-off phases.

So, how flap increases the lift? The general lift equation for an aircraft is given by: L=(1/2)ρV^2 SC_L, where L, ρ,V,S and C_L stands for the lift, air density, velocity, area and coefficient of lift respectively. From the equation, the value of lift (L) increases with the increase in the value C_L. The extension of flap increases the camber of the wing and the increase in camber increases the value of C_L. This allows the aircraft to generate the required increased lift at lower speed and reducing the stalling speed. During take-off only a small amount of flap is typically deployed, usually not more than〖 5〗^°. The purpose of take-off flaps is typically to shorten the take-off roll without increasing drag.

Fig angle of attack vs coefficient of lift

How flap increases the drag? The general drag equation for an aircraft is given by: D=(1/2)ρV^2 SC_D, where D, ρ,V,S and C_D stands for the lift, air density, velocity, area and coefficient of drag respectively. The equation tells that the drag (D) is directly related to the surface area(S). Also the increased lift means increased lift-induce drag. Flaps may be fully extended for landing to give the aircraft a lower stall speed so the approach to landing can be flown more slowly, which also allows the aircraft to land in a shorter distance. For landing, full or close to full flaps is typically used (between〖 30〗^°and〖 40〗^°). This reduces the landing roll and reduces wear on wheel brakes.

Depending on the size, speed and complexity of the aircraft on which they are to be used there are different types of flap. Out of many types of flap plain flap, split flap, slotted flap and fowler flap are most used and common four types of flap and are used in many jetliners. In plain flap, the rear portion of airfoil rotates downwards on a simple hinge mounted at the front of the flap. In split flap,the rear portion of the lower surface of the airfoil hinges downwards from the leading edge of the flap, while the upper surface stays immobile. In a slotted fan there is a space for air stream while in case of fowler flap, the flap slides rearward before lowering.

                                           

Beside increasing lift and drag and helping in case of landing and take-off, flaps are also used in case of maneuvering, lowering the stall speed, decreasing the climb rates and increasing the approach angle. Therefore, flap is one of the important flight controlling devices in an aircraft and the invention of this device has been a great boost in the field of aeronautics.

You can also view it on http://aviationnepal.com/blogs/all-about-flaps/

http://aviationnepal.com/blogs/all-about-flaps/